Food phytochemicals as epigenetic modulators in diabetes: A systematic review

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder affecting over 537 million adults globally, necessitates therapeutic approaches that extend beyond conventional glycemic control. Emerging evidence highlights the role of food-derived phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, and sulforaphane as epigenetic modulators capable of influencing gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation. This systematic review synthesizes preclinical and clinical studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which these bioactive compounds modulate diabetes-related epigenetic alterations. Findings indicate that phytochemicals may improve insulin sensitivity, enhance β-cell survival, and mitigate inflammation via epigenetic reprogramming. However, challenges such as bioavailability, interindividual variability, and translational feasibility persist. Addressing these barriers through advanced delivery systems, precision nutrition, and synergistic therapeutic strategies may enhance the clinical utility of phytochemicals in diabetes management. This review underscores the untapped potential of epigenetically active food compounds in redefining diabetes therapy, advocating for further research into their mechanistic pathways and clinical applications.