Advancements in protein-based bionanocomposites for targeted and controlled drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review

Protein-based bionanocomposites have emerged as transformative platforms in the rapidly advancing field of nanobiotechnology, offering unparalleled potential for targeted and controlled drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review highlights the synthesis, functionalization, and application of protein-based bionanocomposites, emphasizing their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and precision delivery capabilities. Key fabrication techniques such as nanoparticle encapsulation, surface modification, and polymer conjugation are critically analyzed for their role in optimizing drug release profiles and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The review presents evidence of these systems overcoming challenges associated with conventional drug delivery methods, including nonspecific distribution, low bioavailability, and systemic toxicity. Clinical applications demonstrate remarkable outcomes, with protein-polymer conjugates achieving up to 96 % delivery efficiency and protein-nanoparticle composites exhibiting site-specific drug release in oncological and chronic disease therapies. Additionally, the biocompatibility and regulatory considerations of these systems are addressed to ensure their translational potential. The paper concludes by identifying emerging trends, such as stimuli-responsive hydrogels and advanced protein micelle systems, as promising avenues for addressing unmet clinical needs. This review underscores the transformative role of protein-based bionanocomposites in advancing precision medicine, paving the way for safer, more efficient, and patient-centered therapeutic strategies.